Meaning
Motivation is
derived from the Latin word ‘Movere’, means ‘Movement or Activity’. Motivation
moves the people to engage in the activity of their choice. It is the abstract
driving force responsible for human and animal behaviour.
Definition
A need or desire
that energies and directs behaviour (NCERT, XI).
The process by
which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or
psychological needs are fulfilled (Cicerreli & Meyer, 2016).
An inferred
internal process that activates, guides, and maintains behaviour over time
(Baron, 1993). “The onset of an urge by external or internal factors to do or
achieve something that is likely to satisfy it”.
Brief Introduction
Motivation is
resultant abstract force of motives which is one of the determinants of
behaviour. Motives (reasons of doing something or factors that direct and
energize behaviour) are the general states that enable us to make predictions about
behaviour in many different situations. Instincts, drives, needs, goals, and
incentives come under the concept of motivation.
Major
Components of Motivation
Motivation has
following three major components:
1. Activation
– Initiation of the process.
2. Persistence
– Continuing the activation process.
3. Intensity
– The amount efforts, energy, force and feelings.
Motivation
Cycle
Motivation
Cycle
Need
– A need is lack or deficit of some necessity.
Drive
– It is a state of psycho-physical arousal produced by a need. It energizes
random activity.
Arousal
– Internal activation.
Goal
directed behaviour – The physical activities that are
based on action-outcome learning.
Achievement
– The successfulness (Yelon et al. 1977) and finding satisfaction in mastering
challenging and difficult performances (De Cecco & Crawford, 1977).
Reduction
of Arousal – Normalization of internal activation.
Types
of Motivation
Extrinsic
Motivation – When the stimuli for motivation are from external
environment. When the action is performed due to reward and punishment (two
major external factors). This can be applied in groups also and have limited validity. Intrinsic Motivation – When the
stimuli for motivation comes from within or the internal factors are
responsible for engaging in activities. This type of motivation has no external
rewards. It occurs or caused due to following needs or desires:
1. Autonomy
– Need to have complete control over one’s own life.
2. Relatedness
– Need to maintain interpersonal relations.
3. Competence
– Need to do be the best and/or succeed.
Different
Perspective on Motivation
1. Instinct Theory
– It suggests that many forms of behaviour stem from innate urges or instincts
(Patterns of behaviour assumed to be universal in a species) such as
combativeness, greed, sympathy, curiosity etc.
2. Drive Theory – It
suggests that behaviour results from within by drives stemming from basic
biological needs such as hunger, thirst, sex etc. for balancing physiological
state
usually known as homeostasis.
3. Arousal Theory
– This theory suggests that individual seeks to attain a level of arousal that
is optimal for them in a given situation.
4. Expectancy Theory – This theory
suggests that behaviour is the result of expectations of desirable outcomes.
Expectancy means “The present actions will provide fruitful outcomes
(incentive) in the future.”
5. Hierarchy of Needs
– The Maslow’s theory suggests that human needs exist in a hierarchy, so that
higher-level needs will not be aroused
or satisfied until lower-level needs are satisfied.
References:
1. NCERT, (2013). XI Psychology Text book.
2. Ciccarelli,
S. K. & Meyer, G. E. (2016). Psychology. Noida: Pearson India.
3. Baron,
R. (1993). Psychology.
4. https://www.scribd.com/document/110987023/Definition-of-Achievement-Anxiety-Attitude-Behavior-And-Performance
5. https://www.psychestudy.com/general/motivation-emotion/types-motivation
6. https://www.leadership-central.com/types-of-motivation.html.
*******
No comments:
Post a Comment