Types
1. Directive counselling,
2. Non directive
counselling, and
3. Eclectic or
cooperative counselling.
1. Directive
Counselling – E. G. Williamson developed
comprehensive theory of Counselling in 1930s. In this approach the Counsellor
plays central role by issuing directions to the client as it is assumed that
solution to the problem is beyond the client’s reach due to several factors.
The Counsellor uses several tools such as information, knowledge,
interpretation, explanation etc. to modify the client’s behaviour. Williamson
suggested that the Counsellor has to assess a behavioural lacking in the
client, and then design a tailored made system to tide over the problem.
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Assumptions
1. Counsellor being
expert can offer better suggestions and solutions.
2. Availability of
appropriate information is central to the Counselling process.
3. Counsellor plays
relatively more active role in Counselling than the counselee.
4. Counsellor takes
decisions in respect of solutions of counselee’s problems.
Steps of Directive Counselling
1. Analysis – The
information collected from counselee is meticulously analysed.
2. Synthesis – The
collected data are organized to understand client’s strength and weaknesses
etc.
3. Diagnosis – The
conclusions are drawn about the nature and causes of client’s problem.
4. Prognosis –
Prediction about the chances of occurrence of the client’s problem.
5. Counselling –
Modification of behaviour and adjustment in context of the problem.
6. Follow-up – It is a
post Counselling step where counselee is monitored for her/his adjustment with
the problem and ensure that problem should not reoccur.
2. Non-Directive
Counselling – The non-directive Counselling is the
brain child of Carl Rogers. NDC is also known as client centred Counselling or
therapy. The Counsellor is expected to play the role of facilitator with the
attitude of non-judgmental and acceptance. The Counsellor is expected to act as
a mirror, reflecting the verbal and emotional concerns of clients. They should
have a rapport and Counsellor should show unconditional regard towards the
client. The relationship between client and Counsellor is of mutual
self-commitment. The aim is to bring psychological growth, maturity and
positive growth in the client. The client is made capable enough to plan, make
decisions and execute plans successfully. It is also known as permissive
Counselling.
Assumptions
1. The primary concern
is satisfaction of counselee.
2. Client has right to
select goals of his life.
3. The Counsellor
remains passive.
4. Tendency towards
Actualization.
5. Belief in the
Dignity of Man.
6. Emotional
disturbance inhibits a person’s proper adjustment initially.
7. In the Counselling
situation, one should reach very quickly at a point from where the client may
be able to start functioning independently. Steps of Non-Directive Counselling
According to Carl Rogers
1. Defining the
Problematic Situation – Counsellor should define the problematic situation at
the outset.
2. Free Expression of
Feelings – The client should be made aware she/he can express her/his feelings
freely.
3. Development of
Insight – The Counsellor thinks and analyze the client’s feelings along with
the development of client’s insight.
4. Classification of
Positive and Negative Feelings – After the free expression of feelings, the
Counsellor identifies client’s negative and positive feelings for
classification.
5. Termination of
Counselling Situation – The Counsellor looks for a point where he can terminate
the Counselling process.
3. Eclectic or
Cooperative Counselling – According to Brammer
(1969) it refers to selecting, or choosing from various systems or theories.
The best is selected from available systems and set into one which suits the
Counsellor in dealing with the counselee. Thorne (1950) said that eclecticism
is the most practicable and apt approach to Counselling. He called it
integrative psychology. It is an individualized and custom-made Counselling
technique designed to address the uniqueness of content and intensity of
individual needs. The Counsellor is neither too active nor too passive.
Thorne prefers the
term ‘Psychological case handling’ to ‘psychotherapy’ (Rao, 2004). The former
term is broader and more comprehensive. The objectives according to Thorne are:
-
(i) Precluding and
halting the aggravation,
(ii) Rectifying
etiological factors to prevent the recurrence.
(iii) Facilitating
personality growth.
(iv) Helping expressing
& clarifying emotions.
(v) Resolving conflicts
and inconsistencies.
(vi) Enabling the individual
to accept what cannot be changed – ‘endure what cannot be cured’.
(vii) Changing attitude for
self-actualization.
Assumptions
1. Information
collected from counselee forms the base for the selection of Counselling
technique.
2. The information is
collected through various means such as Counselling interview, from parents
& friends, using psychological tests etc.
3. The will, wish of
the counselee & what she/he wants are important requirements prior to the
beginning of Counselling process.
4. Conducive
environment and situations help the counselee in gaining insight to deal with
problems.
5. The selection and
design of appropriate Counselling process is dependent upon the inferences that
are drawn by analysing the information collected from the counselee.
Steps of Eclectic Counselling
Thorne, suggested the following steps
1. Diagnosis – A
systematic process to obtain complete picture of the client’s problem.
2. Preparation – A
tentative plan is prepared by understanding methods including their strengths
and weaknesses.
3. Pinpointing the
Causes – Concentrating on the basic or underlying causes rather than treating
the superficial symptoms.
4. Selection of Method
– Designing/choosing a specific method suited to the unique needs of the
client.
5. Evaluation – The
selected method is evaluated on the basis of the results.
6. Analysis –
Scientific analysis of the data and evaluation of results.
References:
1 http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledgehub/education/what-is-non-directive-Counselling/5380/.
2.
https://www.oum.edu.my/pages/prospective/prospective/ pdf/HMEF5063%20T1.pdf.
3. Rao, S. N. (2004).
Counselling and Guidance. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hills.
4.
http://www.bruntsfieldmedicalpractice.co.uk/documents/
Counselling%20Modalities%20Information%20Leaflet.pdf.
5.
https://kaamchalao.wordpress.com/2016/11/13/eclectic-counselling
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