The unconscious material if not
integrated with EGO, leads to irrational and maladaptive behaviour (Psychological
disorders).
The science that studies and diagnose psychological
disorders
Psychodynamic
The impact of childhood experiences and unconscious mental
processes on the personality of an individual. It is based on psychoanalytical model proposed
by Sigmund Freud.
Assumptions of
Psychodynamic Model
1. Unresolved unconscious conflict is the genesis of
Psychological disorders.
2. ID, Ego and Super Ego forms the unconscious.
3. Psychological disorders result from the conflict between
these three components of unconscious.
4. In the event of conflict individual uses defense mechanism.
Principles
of Psychodynamic Model
1. Id, Ego and Super Ego – Behaviour is the result of
interaction of these three components of personality.
(i) Id
– The source of two instinctual drives {Constructive (life) and Destructive
(death)}. [Primary process and
Pleasure principle].
(ii) Ego
– Mediates between the demands of Id and Superego. [Secondary process and
Reality principle].
(iii) Superego – It is referred as conscience and is concerned with
right and wrong. [Moral principle].
2. Anxiety, Defence Mechanism and the Unconsciousness –
(i) Anxiety
– It is warning of impending danger and painful experience. Freud proposed
three types of anxiety (psychic pain)
[Reality Anxiety, Neurotic Anxiety, Moral Anxiety].
(ii) Defence
Mechanism – If rational measures taken up by ego to deal with anxiety, it
resorts to irrational measures
known as defence mechanisms [repression, denial, projection, displacement, regression, rationalization etc.]
(iii) Unconsciousness – The larger and submerged part of mind. It
stocks hurtful memories, forbidden
desires, experiences that has been thrown out of consciousness. Reflected in fantasies
and dreams. The unconscious material if
not integrated with EGO, leads to irrational and maladaptive behaviour (Psychological disorders).
3. Psychosexual development – Personality development
is the product of successive stages [libidinal pleasure].
(i) Oral
Stage – First two years [mouth is the erogenous zone].
(ii) Anal
Stage – 2 to 3 years of age [Membrane of anal is erogenous zone].
(iii) Phallic Stage – 3 to 5 years of age [Self manipulation of
genitals is erogenous zone].
(iv) Latency
Stage – 6 to 12 years of age [No erogenous zone] child is preoccupied with developing skills.
(v) Genital
Stage – 12 years and above [Post puberty, heterosexual relations].
Key
Features of this Model
This model presents a negativistic
and deterministic view of human behaviour that minimizes rationality and
freedom for self-determination.
(यह मॉडल मानव
व्यवहार के
एक नकारात्मक
और निर्धारक
दृष्टिकोण को
प्रस्तुत करता
है जो
आत्मनिर्णय के
लिए तर्कसंगतता
और स्वतंत्रता
को कम
करता है) ।
1. People are dominated by instinctual
biological drives and unconscious desires.
2. Psychological disorders are the product
of aggressive and destructive instincts of human nature.
3. Unconscious motives have dynamic role
in mental disorders.
4. Ego-defence mechanisms contribute in
development of mental disorders.
5. Childhood experiences plays important
role in maladjustment of personality.
6. Sexual factors have important role in
mental disorders.
7. Repression of traumatic experiences and
irrational fears leads to mental disorders.
References:
1. Verma, L. P. (1965). Psychiatry in
ayurveda. Indian J Psychiatry. 1965;7:292.
2. पांडेय, जगदानंद.
(1956). असामान्य मनोविज्ञान.
पटना: ग्रंथमाला
प्रकाशन कार्यालय।
3. Coleman, J. C. (1981). Abnormal
psychology and modern life.
4. Karlsgodt, K. H., Sun, D., &
Cannon, T. D. (2010). Structural and Functional Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenia. Current Directions in
Psychological Science, 19(4), 226–231. doi:10.1177/0963721410377601.
5. https://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/78(4)455.pdf.
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