Monday, February 8, 2021

BA Final||Semester V|| Psychopathology|| Unit 2|| Multiple Choice Questions

Q 1. Out of the following which one is not the purpose of classification of psychopathology?

1        Improves the objectivity

2        Better understanding

3        Improves subjectivity

4        Ease of handling

Q 1. निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा उद्देश्य मनोव्याधि मनोविज्ञान का वर्गीकरण का नहीं है?

1        निष्पक्षता में सुधार

2        बेहतर समझ

3        व्यक्तिपरकता में सुधार

4        संचालन में आसानी

Q 2.   In psychopathology parlance which term is used in place of diagnosis, symptoms and aetiology?

1        Formulation

2        Talking cure

3        Symptomology

4        Psychotherapy

Q 2.    मनोव्याधि मनोविज्ञान में, निदान, लक्षण और aetiology के स्थान पर किस शब्द का प्रयोग किया जाता है?

1        नियमन

2        बातचीत से इलाज

3        लक्षण विज्ञान

4        मनोचिकित्सा

Q 3.    Which classification approach of psychopathology assumes that each mental disorder is distinct and exclusive from others?

1        Categorical approach

2        Dimensional approach

3        Prototypical approach

4        Pharmacological approach

Q 3.    मनोव्याधि मनोविज्ञान का कौन सा वर्गीकरण दृष्टिकोण यह मानता है कि प्रत्येक मानसिक विकार दूसरों से अलग और विशिष्ट होता है।

1        निर्णयात्मक दृष्टिकोण

2        आयामी दृष्टिकोण

3        प्रोटोटाइप दृष्टिकोण

4        औषधीय दृष्टिकोण

Q 4.    In which classification approach of psychopathology various cognitive dimensions of the client are observed and quantified using a rating scale?

1        Categorical approach

2        Pharmacological approach

3        Prototypical approach

4        Dimensional approach

Q 4.     मनोव्याधि मनोविज्ञान के किस वर्गीकरण दृष्टिकोण में ग्राहक के विभिन्न संज्ञानात्मक आयामों को देखा जाता है और रेटिंग पैमाने का उपयोग करके उनकी मात्रा निर्धारित की जाती है?

1        निर्णयात्मक दृष्टिकोण

2        औषधीय दृष्टिकोण

3        प्रोटोटाइप दृष्टिकोण

4        आयामी दृष्टिकोण

Q 5.    Which approach of psychopathology is flexible and identifies defining features of a disorder?

1        Categorical approach

2        Dimensional approach

3        Prototypical approach

4        Pharmacological approach

Q 5.    मनोव्याधि मनोविज्ञान का कौन सा दृष्टिकोण लचीला होने के साथ साथ विकार को परिभाषित करने वाली विशेषताओं की पहचान करता है?

1        निर्णयात्मक दृष्टिकोण

2        आयामी दृष्टिकोण

3        प्रोटोटाइप दृष्टिकोण

4        औषधीय दृष्टिकोण

Q 6.    Who among the following classified mental disorders on the basis of their clinical features?

1        Philippe Pinel

2        Ludwig Kahlbaum

3        Emil Kraepelin’s

4        Hippocrates

Q 6. निम्नलिखित में से किसने मानसिक विकारों को उनकी नैदानिक विशेषताओं के आधार पर वर्गीकृत किया है?

1        फिलिप पिनल

2        लुडविग कहलबम

3        एमिल क्रैपेलिन

4        हिप्पोक्रेट्स

Q 7.    The mental disorders are included in international classification of diseases for the first time in …………..?

1        ICD - 10

2        ICD - 8

3        ICD - 6

4        ICD - 5

Q 7. मानसिक विकारों को पहली बार रोगों के किस अंतरराष्ट्रीय वर्गीकरण में शामिल किया गया?

1          आईसीडी - 10

2          आईसीडी - 8

3          आईसीडी - 6

4          आईसीडी – 5

Q 8.    Which among the following is not the purpose of classification of psychopathology?

1        Communication

2        Comprehension

3        Control

4        Care

Q 8. निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा मनोव्याधि मनोविज्ञान के वर्गीकरण का उद्देश्य नहीं है?

1        संचार

2        बोध

3        नियंत्रण

4        देखभाल

Q 9.    The opinion or suggestion by the expert based on the previous experiences detailing likelihood of development of a mental disorder is called as?

1        Prognosis

2        Prediction

3        1 & 2 Both

4        Diagnosis

Q 9. किसी मानसिक विकार के विकास की संभावना का विस्तार करते हुए पिछले अनुभवों के आधार पर विशेषज्ञ द्वारा राय या सुझाव को क्या कहा जाता है?

1        रोग का पूर्वानुमान

2        भविष्यवाणी

3        1 और 2 दोनों

4        निदान

Q 10.  What is the full form of DSM?

1        Diagnostic and Straight Manual

2        Diagnostic and Surgical Manual

3        Diagnosis and Statistical Manual

4        Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

Q 10. DSM का पूर्ण रूप क्या होता है?

1        Diagnostic and Straight Manual

2        Diagnostic and Surgical Manual

3        Diagnosis and Statistical Manual

4        Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

Q 11.  The process of identifying exactly what illness a person has or what the cause of the problem is known as?

1        Aetiology

2        Prognosis

3        Diagnosis

4        Diagnosis and treatment

Q 11. किसी व्यक्ति को कौन सी बीमारी है या समस्या का क्या कारण है, इसकी पहचान करने की प्रक्रिया क्या कहलाती है?

1          एटिओलॉजी

2          रोग का पूर्वानुमान

3          निदान

4          निदान और उपचार

Q 12.  Which among the following is not a stage of diagnosis?

1        Incubation

2        Input

3        Preparation

4        Output

Q 12. निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा मानसिक विकार के निदान का चरण नहीं है?

1        रोगोद्भवन

2        इनपुट

3        तैयारी

4        आउटपुट

Q 13. Understanding & Identification of cause of disorder is the …………… of diagnosis?

1        Aetiology

2        Theme  

3        Purpose

4        Solution

Q 13.  विकार के कारण को समझना और पहचान करना, निदान की/का …………… होता है?

1        एटिओलॉजी

2        थीम

3        उद्देश्य

4        समाधान

Q 14.  Case history is one of the important methods of …………………?

1        Diagnosis

2        Disorder management

3        Care plans

4        Treatment

Q 14.  व्यक्ति वृत्त ………………… के महत्वपूर्ण तरीकों में से एक होता है?

1        निदान

2        विकार प्रबंधन

3        देखभाल की योजना

4        उपचार

Q 15.  The person’s interest and attitude towards life, political affiliations and religious belief system are gathered in which stage of case history?

1        Mental Status Examination stage

2        Orientation stage

3        Medical history stage

4        Referral stage

Q 15. व्यक्ति का राजनीतिक जुड़ाव, धार्मिक विश्वास और जीवन के प्रति रूचि और दृष्टिकोण, व्यक्ति वृत्त के किस चरण में एकत्रित किये जाते हैं?

1        मानसिक स्थिति परीक्षण चरण

2        ओरिएंटेशन चरण

3        चिकित्सा इतिहास चरण

4        रेफरल चरण

Q 16.  Which psychological trait is significantly affected by mental disorders?

1        Intelligence

2        Behaviour

3        Learning

4        Response pattern

Q 16. मानसिक विकारों से व्यक्ति का कौन सा मनोवैज्ञानिक गुण काफी हद तक प्रभावित होता है?

1        बुद्धि

2        व्यवहार

3        अधिगम

4        प्रतिक्रिया पैटर्न

Q 17.  Who regulates and directs the clinical interview?

1        Clinical Psychologist Conducting interview

2        Interviewer

3        Psychotherapist

4        All of the above

Q 17. नैदानिक साक्षात्कार को कौन नियंत्रित और निर्देशित करता है?

1        साक्षात्कार का आयोजन करने वाला नैदानिक मनोवैज्ञानिक

2        साक्षात्कारकर्ता

3        साक्षात्कार का आयोजन करने वाला मनोचिकित्सक

4        उपरोक्त सभी

Q 18.  If the views expressed by interviewee are contrary to the belief system of the interviewer then what interviewer should supposed to do?

1        Ask the interviewee to mend the views

2        Give no heed to his/her view point

3        Encourage to continue

4        End the interview

Q 18. अगर साक्षात्कारकर्ता द्वारा व्यक्त किए गए विचार साक्षात्कारकर्ता की विश्वास प्रणाली के विपरीत होते हैं तो साक्षात्कारकर्ता को क्या करना चाहिए?

1        विचारों को संशोधित करने के लिए कहना चाहिए

2        उसके दृष्टिकोण पर कोई ध्यान नहीं देना चाहिए

3        जारी रखने के लिए प्रोत्साहित करें

4        साक्षात्कार समाप्त करें

Q 19. The interview that occurs in the first meeting is known as……..?

1        Initial Interview

2        Intake Interview

3        Purposive Interview

4        All of the above

Q 19. पहली बैठक में होने वाले साक्षात्कार को किस नाम से जाना जाता है?

1        प्ररंभिक साक्षात्कार

2        प्रवेश साक्षात्कार

3        उद्देश्यपरक साक्षात्कार

4        उपरोक्त सभी

Q 20.  What a psychological assessment tool that provides an opportunity to an individual to freely express himself in response to vague and unorganized stimuli is called?

1        Projection

2        Projective Story

3        Projective Test

4        Projective Process

Q 20. एक मनोवैज्ञानिक मूल्यांकन परीक्षण जो किसी व्यक्ति को अस्पष्ट और असंगठित उद्दीपकों के प्रति प्रतिक्रिया में स्वयं को स्वतंत्र रूप से व्यक्त करने का अवसर प्रदान करता है, उसे क्या कहा जाता है?

1        प्रोजेक्शन

2        प्रोजेक्टिव स्टोरी

3        प्रोजेक्टिव टेस्ट

4        प्रोजेक्टिव प्रक्रिया

Q 21.  The difference in perception is the function of which of the following techniques?

1        The magnitude of vagueness in stimuli

2        Projective test’s reliability

3        Projective Test’s difficulty level

4        All of the above

Q 21. प्रत्यक्षण में अंतर निम्नलिखित में से किस तकनीक के कारण उत्पन्न होता है?

1        उद्दीपकों में अस्पष्टता के परिमाण स्वरुप

2        प्रोजेक्टिव टेस्ट की विश्वसनीयता

3        प्रोजेक्टिव टेस्ट का कठिनाई स्तर

4        उपरोक्त सभी

Q 22.  The Rorschach Inkblot test can be administered on which age category of individuals?

1        12 years and above

2        18 Years and above

3        3 years and above

4        5 years and above

Q 22. रोर्शा स्याही धब्बा परीक्षण व्यक्तियों की किस आयु वर्ग पर प्रयोग किया जा सकता है?

1        12 वर्ष और उससे अधिक

2        18 वर्ष और उससे अधिक

3        3 साल और उससे अधिक

4        5 वर्ष और उससे अधिक

Q 23.  The construction of ………………… is based upon the principle that the interpretation of ambiguous stimulus leads to unintentional revealing of aspects of one’s own personality?

1        Thematic Apperception Test

2        Rorschach Inkblot Test

3        Sentence Completion Test

4        Word Association Test

Q 23. ………………… का निर्माण इस सिद्धांत पर आधारित है कि व्यक्ति द्वारा अस्पष्ट उद्दीपकों के प्रति की की गई व्याख्या उसके व्यक्तित्व के अनभिज्ञ पहलुओं का अनजाने में खुलासा करती है?

1        थिमैटिक अपर्सेप्शन टेस्ट

2        रोर्शा स्याही धब्बा परीक्षण

3        वाक्य पूर्णता परीक्षण

4        शब्द साहचर्य परीक्षण

Q 24.  In TAT the character in each picture with whom client identifies is known as?

1        Central Figure

2        Hero

3        Protagonist

4        Thema

Q 24. TAT के प्रत्येक चित्र में क्लाइंट जिसके साथ अपनी पहचान स्थापित करता है उसे क्या कहा जाता है?

1        केंद्रीय व्यक्ति

2        हीरो

3        नायक

4        थेमा

Q 25.  To explore personality material that is closer to the level of consciousness or awareness is the purpose of which test?

1        Word Association Test

2        Sentence Completion Test

3        Thematic Apperception Test

4        Make a Picture Story

Q 25.  किस परीक्षण में ऐसे व्यक्तित्व के घटकों का पता लगाया जाता है जो चेतना या जागरूकता के स्तर के करीब होते हैं?

1        शब्द साहचर्य परीक्षण

2        वाक्य पूर्णता परीक्षण

3        थिमैटिक अपर्सेप्शन टेस्ट

4        एक चित्र से कहानी बनाओ

 

 

 

 

Tuesday, February 2, 2021

Bipolar Disorder

 Definition


          The recurrent episode of mania or depression symptoms are referred as unipolar disorder.

          In other word the episodes of unusual shift in mood from one end of behavioural continuum to another.

          It’s a kind of expression of alternating intense emotional behaviour.

 

Introduction

          The bipolar disorder, a psychological disorder, also known as Manic-depressive disorder. In this mental condition the          unusual shift of mood occurs from depressive to manic or vice versa within short period of time.                                     The alternative mood swings seriously affect psychophysiological functions. Along with mood the energy & activity level also change.                                 It is typically accompanied by    serious impairment in work and social functioning.

 

Types of BPD

BPD is mainly of three types

(i)       Bipolar I (appearance of at least one manic episode)

(ii)      Bipolar II (At least one major depressive episode at least for two weeks. They also have at least one hypomanic episode that lasts about 4 days)

(iii)     Cyclothymia (The episodes of hypomania and depression are shorter and less severe than the mania and depression caused by bipolar I or bipolar II disorder).

 

Diagnostic Criterion

Manic Episodes

(i)       A span of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least 1 week and present most of the day, nearly every day.

(ii)      During the period of mood disturbance three (or more) of the following symptoms should be present: -

Ø  Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity.

Ø  Decreased need for sleep.

Ø  More talkative than usual.

Ø  Flight of ideas or racing thoughts.

Ø  Distractibility.

Ø  Excessive involvement in activities

Ø  that have a high potential for painful consequences

Ø  The mood disturbance is sufficiently severe to cause marked impairment in daily life.

Diagnostic Criterion

Depressive Episodes

          Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period (most of the day, nearly every day): -

Ø  Depressed mood (e.g., feels sad, empty, or hopeless).

Ø  Diminished interest or pleasure in almost all activities.

Ø  Significant weight loss or weight gain (e.g., a change of more than 5% of body weight in a month).

Ø  Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day.

Ø  Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day.

Ø  Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt.

Ø  Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness.

Ø  Recurrent thoughts of death and recurrent suicidal ideation.

Characteristics of BPD

(i)       The mean age at which BPD shows its symptoms is 25 years.

(ii)      The depressive episodes last for at least for 2 weeks.

(iii)     The mania (due to BPD) also lasts for days together and can go up to several weeks.

(iv)     Disbalance of psychophysiological energy.

(v)      Mood swing is common thread of BPD.

(vi)     Noticeable departure from normal behaviour.

(vii)    Genetics, environmental factors (stress & traumatic experience) and some disturbance in brain structure are major causes.

 

Functional Consequences of BPD

          BPD ensues following psycho-physical consequences in the patient.

(i)       It impairs the individual's capacity to do things quickly and efficiently.

(ii)      The mood swings lead to difficulty in concentrating, sleep, decision making, judgment and rational thought process.

(iii)     Leads to psychological fatigue due to excessive use of cognitive resources in mood swings.

(iv)     Engaging in a behaviour that may lead to negative consequences (drug use, too much spending).

Management of BPD

          The appropriate Medication and Behavioural therapy jointly can cure this mental illness.

(i)       Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (modification of maladaptive cognitions).

(ii)      Medications (Such as antidepressants).

(iii)     Yoga (NYU Grossman School of Medicine).

(iv)     Relaxation techniques (breathing exercises, relaxation strategies, and meditation practice).

(v)      Combination of Psychotherapy, medications, and relaxation techniques.

 

References:

1.       Coleman, C. J. (1988). Abnormal psychology and modern life. Bombay, India: D. B. Taraporevala Sons & Co.

2.       Generalized anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder: description and reconceptualization. (1986). American Journal of Psychiatry, 143(1), 40–44. doi:10.1176/ajp.143.1.40

3.       NCERT. (XII). Psychology Book.

4.       DSM V Manual. Published by APA.

5.       https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/ bipolar-disorder/index.shtml.

 

*******

Unipolar (Depression) Disorder

 Definition


    Unipolar disorders (depression) manifest the emotional mood of the patient, which can be either elation or depression.  Out these two mood states individual need to suffer from one.

      One of the grand behavioral differences between manic and depressed patients.

     The manic patients may become hostile but rarely kills anyone or self.

     The depressed patients are prone to commit suicide, infanticide and homicide as well.

Introduction

          The continuum of behavioural response has two extremes i.e., mania and depression (UD episodes). The individual being diagnosed with UD needs to manifest the symptoms of either of the extremes. In unipolar disorder the reactions (manic or depressive) of the individual tends to be episodic and relatively for brief period of time. Interestingly, at the end of the episodes the individual regains normalcy. The frequency of occurrence manic episodes is more than the depressive episodes. The individual who suffers from manic type unipolar disorder (UD) tends to have more manic episodes than depressive state.

 

Characteristics of UD Episodes

          In unipolar disorder the individual suffers either from the two i.e. Manic reactions or Depressive reactions.

Manic reactions characteristics –

(i)       Excessive feelings of optimism and elation with unbounded energy and enthusiasm.

(ii)      Impaired concentration & judgment.

(iii)     Fast shifting of thought process from one topic to another.

(iv)     Extremely impatient and have lowered behavioural restraints.

(v)      Delusions of grandeur are common with extravagant plans.

Depressive reactions characteristics

(i)       Feeling of profound sadness & loneliness.

(ii)      Perceives everything as joyless and dark.

(iii)     Have feeling of extreme emptiness.

(iv)     Negativism prevails in thoughts and expectations.

(v)      Self-accusatory (e.g., committed immoral acts) and hypochondriacal delusions are common.

(vi)     Regards himself as worthless and unfit to live therefore have strong suicide ideation.

(vii)    Feels to have incurable disease which is destroying internal organs. 

 

Types of UD Episodes

 

Mania (Hypomania, Acute mania and Delirious mania).

Depression (Simple depression, Acute depression, Depressive depression).

 

Diagnostic Criterion

Manic state       

          The persistent, elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and goal-directed activity lasting at least 1 week and present most of the day, nearly every day. The three (or more) of the following symptoms are present to a significant degree.

1.       Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity.

2.       Decreased need for sleep.

3.       More talkative than usual.

4.       Distractibility.

5.       Increase in goal-directed activity.

6.       Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences.

Depressive state

          Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the 2-week period

1.       Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, or observation made by others.

2.       Diminished interest or pleasure in all activities, nearly every day.

3.       Significant weight loss or weight gain (e.g., a change of more than 5% of body weight in a month).

4.       Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day.

5.       Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day.

6.       Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt (delusional).

7.       Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day.

8.       Recurrent thoughts of death and recurrent suicidal ideation.

 

Treatment

          The appropriate Medication and Behavioural therapy jointly can cure this mental illness.

 

(i)       Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (modification of maladaptive cognitions).

(ii)      Medications.

(iii)     Yoga.

(iv)     Relaxation techniques (breathing exercises, relaxation strategies, and meditation practice).

(iv)     Combination of Psychotherapy, medications, and relaxation techniques.

 

References:

1.       Coleman, C. J. (1988). Abnormal psychology and modern life. Bombay, India: D. B. Taraporevala Sons & Co.

2.       NCERT. (XII). Psychology Book.

3.       DSM V Manual. Published by APA.

 

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